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Define microcosm in literature1/4/2024 This makes of V5 a sort of window through which to look into the visual brain and its operations in general. Instead, I concentrate on those characteristics of V5 which, I believe, illustrate some general principles governing the organization and operations of the visual cortex at large and which bring us a little, but perhaps not much, closer to understanding the relationship between activity in a visual area and conscious knowledge. ![]() There are other areas in the brain which may be involved with motion in other ways, including areas that V5 projects to directly (Howard et al., 1996 Sunaert et al., 1999 Gilaie-Dotan et al., 2013). I also restrict myself to a discussion of V5. I do not give an exhaustive review of the literature here, since many good summaries of its anatomical and physiological organization, and their relationship to motion perception, are available. Correspondingly, the number of papers published on it is enormous. It is now one of the most intensively studied areas of the brain, rivalling even the primary visual cortex, area V1. No visual cortical area exemplifies this better than Area V5, especially critical for the perception of visual motion. Most scientists who study the sensory cerebral cortex have an aim, often unacknowledged, which is to learn how activity in it contributes to our experience and knowledge of the world and therefore, implicitly, to how that activity is related to conscious experience. Hence V5 is, in a sense, a microcosm of the visual world and its study gives important insights into how the whole visual brain is organized-anatomically, functionally and perceptually. ![]() Among these are: the diversity of signals that determine the functional capacities of a visual area the relationship between single cell activity in a specialized visual area and perception of, and preference for, attributes of a visual stimulus the multiple asynchronous inputs into, and outputs from, an area as well as the multiple operations that it undertakes asynchronously the relationship between activity at given, specialized, areas of the visual brain and conscious awareness and the mechanisms used to “bind” signals from one area with those from another, with a different specialization, to give us our unitary perception of the visual world. ![]() As one of the most intensively studied parts of the visual brain, it has yielded many insights into how the visual brain operates. Area V5 of the visual brain, first identified anatomically in 1969 as a separate visual area, is critical for the perception of visual motion.
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